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From 1942 to 1979 Lomax was repeatedly investigated and interviewed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), although nothing incriminating was ever discovered and the investigation was eventually abandoned. "[47], Alan Lomax died in Safety Harbor, Florida on July 19, 2002, at the age of 87. Many materials are also available online through the Lomax Digital Archive, and the Alan Lomax YouTube channel . While appointments are not necessary, we recommend that you contact us before your visit to allow us enough time to locate collection materials and to provide you with any additional information you might need. He spent seven months in Spain, where, in addition to recording three thousand items from most of the regions of Spain, he made copious notes and took hundreds of photos of "not only singers and musicians but anything that interested him empty streets, old buildings, and country roads", bringing to these photos, "a concern for form and composition that went beyond the ethnographic to the artistic". "I had to defend my righteous position, and he couldn't understand me and I couldn't understand him. [6] His first field collecting without his father was done with Zora Neale Hurston and Mary Elizabeth Barnicle in the summer of 1935. However, William Tompkins, assistant attorney general, wrote to Hoover that the investigation had failed to disclose sufficient evidence to warrant prosecution or the suspension of Lomax's passport. Sapphista, supported by 50 fans who also own The Alan Lomax Recordings, Years ago, being broke and hopeless, I listened to a shitty vinyl rip of this all the time. Shake 'Em On Down 2. These tape recordings are "distinct" from the thousands of earlierrecordings on acetate . In late 1939, Lomax hosted two series on CBS's nationally broadcast American School of the Air, called American Folk Song and Wellsprings of Music, both music appreciation courses that aired daily in the schools and were supposed to highlight links between American folk and classical orchestral music. Prison Songs Historical Recordings From Parchman Farm 1947-48 Volume Two: Don'tcha Hear Poor Mother Calling? "He did it out of the passion he had for it, and found ways to fund projects that were closest to his heart".[3]. Lomax excelled at Terrill and then transferred to the Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Connecticut for a year, graduating eighth in his class at age 15 in 1930. Try a different filter or a new search keyword. Donna Diane from the Chicago noise-rock duo Djunah joins the show to discuss the band's new LP. [37] In 1957 Lomax hosted a folk music show on BBC's Home Service called 'A Ballad Hunter' and organized a skiffle group, Alan Lomax and the Ramblers (who included Ewan MacColl, Peggy Seeger, and Shirley Collins, among others), which appeared on British television. An FBI report dated July 23, 1943, describes Lomax as possessing "an erratic, artistic temperament" and a "bohemian attitude." It made me hopping mad. Lomax was extremely nervous throughout the interview."[56]. The Historic Lomax Mississippi Recordings. Elizabeth assisted him in recording in Haiti, Alabama, Appalachia, and Mississippi. [69], In his autobiographical, Chronicles, Part One, Dylan recollects a 1961 scene: There was an art movie house in the Village on 12th Street that showed foreign moviesFrench, Italian, German. [26], While serving in the army in World War II, Lomax produced and hosted numerous radio programs in connection with the war effort. Southern Journeys: Alan Lomaxs Steel-String Discoveries. [20] Though they did not sell especially well when released, Lomax's biographer, John Szwed calls these "some of the first concept albums. His association with [blacklisted American] film director Joseph Losey is also mentioned (serial 30a).[58]. . They have to react to you. Lomax Family Collections at the American Folklife Center Library of Congress. I learned a lot there and Alan Alan was one of those who unlocked the secrets of this kind of music. "That is pretty much the story there, except that it distressed my father very, very much", Lomax told the FBI. His notions about the importance of cultural and linguistic diversity have been affirmed by many contemporary scholars, including Nobel Prize-winning physicist Murray Gell-Mann who concluded his recent book, The Quark and the Jaguar, with a discussion of these very same issues, insisting on the importance of "cultural DNA" (1994: 338343). . The file quotes one informant who said that "Lomax was a very peculiar individual, that he seemed to be very absent-minded and that he paid practically no attention to his personal appearance." Especially powerful when walking home drunk, on max volume. Shot throughout the American South and Southwest over the . [64], As of March 2012 this has been accomplished. After 1942, when Congress terminated the Library of Congress's funding for folk song collecting, Lomax continued to collect independently in Britain, Ireland, the Caribbean, Italy, and Spain, as well as the United States, using the latest recording technology, assembling an enormous collection of American and international culture. Sang at the Berkeley festival and met Jimmy Driftwood there for the first time. Shirley Collins/Courtesy of Alan Lomax Archive hide caption Of the many important recordings Alan Lomax made in his trips through the American South in 1959, perhaps none of the artists he documented were as destined to make as much of an impact on the world of popular music as Mississippi Fred McDowell. And we stopped off in Chicago and stayed with Studs Terkel who was a hospitable man and his wonderful hospitable wife. But it was Robert W. Gordon that first undertook serious field-recording trips. The Alan Lomax Collection (AFC 2004/004) contains approximately 650 linear feet of manuscripts, 6400 sound recordings, 5500 graphic images, and 6000 moving images of ethnographic material created and collected by Alan Lomax and others in their work documenting song, music, dance, and body movement from many cultures. Although the Great Depression was rapidly causing his family's resources to plummet, Harvard came up with enough financial aid for the 16-year-old Lomax to spend his second year there. Caribbean Voyage, The Classic Louisiana Recordings, The Concert And Radio Series. On Friday recordings, photographs, video and documents are to be donated to the public library in Como, Miss., where in September 1959 Lomax made the first recordings of the blues guitarist Fred . "He traveled in a 1935 Plymouth sedan, toting a Presto instantaneous disc recorder and a movie camera. It says: "He has a tendency to neglect his work over a period of time and then just before a deadline he produces excellent results." Alan Lomax (right) with musician Wade Ward during the Southern Journey recordings, 1959-1960. For research requests contact Todd Harvey, Curator, Alan Lomax Collection, [emailprotected], 202-707-8245. Sublabels. Download Image of Alan Lomax Collection, Manuscripts, Southern States (AL, AR, GA, KY, MS, TN, VA), 1959-1960. The files were digitized by the Association for Cultural Equity, which deposited digital research copies with the Blues Archive. (SACD, Hybrid, Multichannel, Album, Comp), Songs of Christmas (From the Alan Lomax Collection), The Spanish Recordings: Mallorca: The Balearic Islands, Gaelic Songs Of Scotland - Women At Work In The Western Isles, Singing In The Streets: Scottish Children's Songs, Caribbean Voyage: East Indian Music In The West Indies, Caribbean Voyage: Trinidad: Carnival Roots, Caribbean Voyage: Saraca: Funerary Music of Carriacou, Caribbean Voyage: Tombstone Feast (Funerary Music Of Carriacou), World Library Of Folk & Primitive Music: Spain, World Library Of Folk & Primitive Music, V: Yugoslavia, World Library of Folk and Primitive Music Romania, The Spanish Recordings: Ibiza & Formentera: The Pityusic Islands, Classic Ballads Of Britain And Ireland Volume 1, Classic Ballads Of Britain And Ireland Volume 2, Italian Treasury, Folk Music And Song From Italy, A Sampler, Italian Treasury, The Trallaleri Of Genoa, Black Texicans (Balladeers And Songsters Of The Texas Frontier), Deep River Of Song - Bahamas 1935 - Chanteys And Anthems From Andros And Cat Island, Black Appalachia - String Bands, Songsters And Hoedowns, Deep River Of Song - Mississippi Saints & Sinners - From Before The Blues And Gospel, Mississippi: The Blues Lineage - Musical Geniuses Of The Fields, Levees, And Jukes, Big Brazos (Texas Prison Recordings, 1933 And 1934), Virginia And The Piedmont (Minstrelsy, Work Songs, And Blues), The Classic Louisiana Recordings Cajun & Creole Music 1934/1937, The Classic Louisiana Recordings Cajun & Creole Music II 1934/1937, The Complete Library Of Congress Recordings By Alan Lomax, Italian Treasury: Liguria: Baiardo And Imperia, Italian Treasury: Liguria: Polyphony of Ceriana, Louisiana (Catch That Train And Testify! Sagan later wrote that it was Lomax "who was a persistent and vigorous advocate for including ethnic music even at the expense of Western classical music. [48], The dimension of cultural equity needs to be added to the humane continuum of liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and social justice. "[9] At the University of Texas Lomax read Nietzsche and developed an interest in philosophy. ), South Carolina - Got The Keys To The Kingdom, Bahamas 1935, Volume 2: Ring Games And Round Dances, World Library Of Folk & Primitive Music: France, Southern Journey Volume 1: Voices From The American South - Blues, Ballads, Hymns, Reels, Shouts, Chanteys And Work Songs, Southern Journey Volume 2: Ballads And Breakdowns (Songs From The Southern Mountains), Southern Journey Volume 3: 61 Highway Mississippi - Delta Country Blues, Spirituals, Work Songs & Dance Music, Southern Journey Volume 4: Brethren, We Meet Again - Southern White Spirituals, Southern Journey Volume 5: Bad Man Ballads (Songs Of Outlaws And Desperadoes), Southern Journey Volume 6: Sheep, Sheep Don'tcha Know The Road - Southern Music, Sacred And Sinful, Southern Journey Volume 7: Ozark Frontier - Ballads And Old-timey Music From Arkansas, Southern Journey Volume 8: Velvet Voices - Eastern Shores Choirs, Quartets, And Colonial Era Music, Southern Journey Volume 9: Harp Of A Thousand Strings - All Day Singing From The Sacred Harp, Southern Journey Volume 10: And Glory Shone Around - More All Day Singing From The Sacred Harp, Southern Journey Volume 11: Honor The Lamb, Southern Journey Volume 12: Georgia Sea Islands - Biblical Songs And Spirituals, Southern Journey Volume 13: Earliest Times - Georgia Sea Islands Songs For Everyday Living, Prison Songs Historical Recordings From Parchman Farm 1947-48 Volume One: Murderous Home. Describes the history of the Lomax family and the Archive of American Folk Song at the Library of Congress. 12 - Georgia Sea Islands, Biblical Songs and Spirituals 1998 The Alan Lomax Collection: Southern Journey, Vol. [16] All those who assisted and worked with him were accurately credited on the resultant Library of Congress and other recordings, as well as in his many books, films, and publications. His radio shows of the 1940s and 1950s explored musics of all the world's peoples. Lomax said he and his colleagues agreed to stop their protest when police asked them to, but that he was grabbed by a couple of policemen as he was walking away. [18], As part of this work, Lomax traveled through Michigan and Wisconsin in 1938 to record and document the traditional music of that region. [57] Lomax had been charged with disturbing the peace and fined $25. I was part of the recording process, I made notes, I drafted contracts, I was involved in every part". "Alan scraped by the whole time, and left with no money," said Don Fleming, director of Lomax's Association for Culture Equity. But now, exactly 15 years after Lomax's death on July 19, 2002, there's likely no person on the planet who's spent more time . I do not find positive evidence that Mr. Lomax has been engaged in subversive activities and I am therefore taking no disciplinary action toward him." The pair amassed one of the most representative folk song collections of any culture. Nor would he ever allow anyone to say he was forced to leave. Bandcamp New & Notable May 8, 2014, Taste The Quiet Bone (Album) E.P.by The Dirty Diary, supported by 36 fans who also own The Alan Lomax Recordings, I love that hypnotic, pounding sound. So he refused, and they withdrew their funding. Fred McDowell - The Alan Lomax Recordings LP used US 2011 NM/VG+. On one of his trips in 1941, he went to Clarksdale, Mississippi, hoping to record the music of Robert Johnson. ballads performed by black Texans. The 66 tracks are accompanied by a 68-page booklet documenting the Lomax collecting trip, as well as notes on the songs, tunes and stories. His cautions about "universal popular culture" (1994: 342) sound remarkably like Alan's warning in his "Appeal for Cultural Equity" that the "cultural grey-out" must be checked or there would soon be "no place worth visiting and no place worth staying" (1972). In 1962, Lomax and singer and Civil Rights Activist Guy Carawan, music director at the Highlander Folk School in Monteagle, Tennessee, produced the album, Freedom in the Air: Albany Georgia, 196162, on Vanguard Records for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. In Dallas, he entered the Terrill School for Boys (a tiny prep school that later became St. Mark's School of Texas). 1 (Recorded by Alan Lomax) 1991 The Alan Lomax Collection: Southern Journey, Vol. Finally back in print! If you like The Alan Lomax Recordings, you may also like: I Don't Have Time To Lie To Youby Abner Jay, supported by 55 fans who also own The Alan Lomax Recordings, Like a revelation something brand new and precious while still you feel like hes been part of your life forever. Lomax also did important field work with Elizabeth Barnicle and Zora Neale Hurston in Florida and the Bahamas (1935);[14] with John Wesley Work III and Lewis Jones in Mississippi (1941 and 42); with folksingers Robin Roberts[15] and Jean Ritchie in Ireland (1950); with his second wife Antoinette Marchand in the Caribbean (1961); with Shirley Collins in Great Britain and the Southeastern US (1959); with Joan Halifax in Morocco; and with his daughter. Alan Lomax (/lomks/; January 31, 1915 July 19, 2002) was an American ethnomusicologist, best known for his numerous field recordings of folk music of the 20th century. Berkman, however, had been cleared of all accusations against her and was not deported. In LP liner notes to his later recordings made at Parchman, Alan Lomax described what he had witnessed there: "In the southern penitentiary system, where the object was to get the most out of the land, the labor force was driven hard. Still gives me goosebumps and a good laugh. ForTheLoveOfMusic, Bandcamp Dailyyour guide to the world of Bandcamp. Then, as late as 1979, an FBI report suggested that Lomax had recently impersonated an FBI agent. I hold the mike, use my hand for shading volume. This was the old Parchman; a Parchman that was, quite simply, a plantation in the antebellum mold with slave labor performed by prisoners. So, those months were spent in New York? The acquisition was made possible through a cooperative agreement between the American Folklife Center (AFC) and the Lomax Digital Archive, and the generosity of an anonymous donor. He collected material first with his father, folklorist and collector John Lomax, and later alone and with others, Lomax recorded thousands of songs and interviews for the Archive of American Folk Song, of which he was the director, at the Library of Congress on aluminum and acetate discs. Made in the field in the Southern United States, the Caribbean, Britain, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Morocco, Romania, Soviet Georgia, and in Lomax's various living quarters, where he hosted many traditional singers. Recorded in Como, Mississippi, September 21-25, 1959. He set sail on September 24, 1950, on board the steamer RMSMauretania. It's a big problem in Spain because there is so much emotional excitement, noise all around. Caught the train out to San Francisco from Chicago, which was an incredible experience. The Lomaxes attended Lead Belly's wedding to Martha Promise in Wilton, Connecticut. Someday the deal will change. Similar ideas had been put into practice by Benjamin Botkin, Harold W. Thompson, and Louis C. Jones, who believed that folklore studied by folklorists should be returned to its home communities to enable it to thrive anew. In a letter to the editor of a British newspaper, Lomax took a writer to task for describing him as a "victim of witch-hunting," insisting that he was in the UK only to work on his Columbia Project.[33]. Years ago, being broke and hopeless, I listened to a shitty vinyl rip of this all the time. Includes a glossy two-sided 10" x 10" liner note insert. But Alan had also not been happy there and probably also wanted to be nearer his bereaved[citation needed] father and young sister, Bess, and to return to the close friends he had made during his first year at the University of Texas. He was a musician himself, as well as a folklorist, archivist, writer, scholar, political activist, oral historian, and film-maker. . In March 2004, the American Folklife Center in the Library of Congress acquired the Alan Lomax Collection, which comprises the unparalleled ethnographic documentation collected by the legendary folklorist over a period of sixty years. Furthermore, the book "The Southern Journey of Alan Lomax: Word, Photographs . "Fred McDowell: The Alan Lomax Recordings" is a collaboration by the Alan Lomax Archive, Mississippi Records, Little Axe Records, and Domino Sound. The stuff of folklorethe orally transmitted wisdom, art and music of the people can provide ten thousand bridges across which men of all nations may stride to say, "You are my brother."[50]. Two of his siblings also developed significant careers studying folklore: Bess Lomax Hawes and John Lomax Jr. Elizabeth also wrote radio scripts of folk operas featuring American music that were broadcast over the BBC Home Service as part of the war effort. This made sense, because even Alan Lomax himself, the great folk archivist, had said somewhere that if you want to go to America, go to Greenwich Village. [70]. [7], Due to childhood asthma, chronic ear infections, and generally frail health, Lomax had mostly been home schooled in elementary school. In 1942 the FBI sent agents to interview students at Harvard's freshman dormitory about Lomax's participation in a demonstration that had occurred at Harvard ten years earlier in support of the immigration rights of one Edith Berkman, a Jewish woman, dubbed the "red flame" for her labor organizing activities among the textile workers of Lawrence, Massachusetts, and threatened with deportation as an alleged "Communist agitator". In 1952, Lomax traveled to Extremadura, Spain, an isolated region bordering Portugal. Mary Bragg sings "Trouble So Hard" as part of the Lomax Challenge. The bulk of the recordings are the result of Alan's work during three more visits in 1937, 1938, and 1942. I wasn't just 'along for the trip'. Lomax began his career making field recordings of rural music for . A 2007 BBC news article revealed that in the early 1950s, the British MI5 placed Alan Lomax under surveillance as a suspected Communist. A gold-plated copper disc that contains sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth. It remains astounding that a rural blues performer of such talent, already in his mid-fifties when Lomax came across him, had not previously recorded . I don't know if many of you have heard of him [Audience applause.] The individual programs reached ten million students in 200,000 U.S. classrooms and were also broadcast in Canada, Hawaii, and Alaska, but both Lomax and his father felt that the concept of the shows, which portrayed folk music as mere raw material for orchestral music, was deeply flawed and failed to do justice to vernacular culture. [27], In the late 1940s, Lomax produced a series of commercial folk music albums for Decca Records and organized a series of concerts at New York's Town Hall and Carnegie Hall, featuring blues, calypso, and flamenco music. The Lomax Digital Archive Collections contain several large audio, film, and photographic collections made, together and apart, by John and Alan Lomax, including Field Work, Film and Video, Radio Shows, and Alan Lomax as Performer. The Alan Lomax collection of Michigan and Wisconsin recordings (AFC 1939/007) documents Irish, Italian, Finnish, Serbian, Lithuanian, Polish, German, Croatian, French Canadian, Hungarian, Romanian, and Swedish songs and stories, as well as occupational folklife among loggers and lake sailors in Mich Parent Label: Thanks for putting it on bandcamp! The Service took the view that Lomax' work compiling his collections of world folk music gave him a legitimate reason to contact the attach, and that while his views (as demonstrated by his choice of songs and singers) were undoubtedly left wing, there was no need for any specific action against him. Michael Taft of the American Folklife Center explains some of the milestones in field recording technology during Lomax's time. Mastered in Portland, Oregon. Lomax, now 17, therefore took a break from studying to join his father's folk song collecting field trips for the Library of Congress, co-authoring American Ballads and Folk Songs (1934) and Negro Folk Songs as Sung by Lead Belly (1936). Going Down To The River 8. Lomax' passion didn't spring up out of nowhere. Update 2/3/20:Congratulations on completing another successful challenge! . (1994: 338343), carcasses of dead or dying cultures on the human landscape, that we have learned to dismiss this pollution of the human environment as inevitable, and even sensible, since it is wrongly assumed that the weak and unfit among musics and cultures are eliminated in this way Not only is such a doctrine anti-human; it is very bad science. Throughout his six decades of pivotal work, Lomax travelled all over the read more. The FBI's report concluded that "Lomax made no secret of the fact that he disliked the FBI and disliked being interviewed by the FBI. Maybe not purty enough. They separated the following year and were divorced in 1967.[44]. In February 1941, Lomax spoke and gave a demonstration of his program along with talks by Nelson A. Rockefeller from the Pan American Union, and the president of the American Museum of Natural History, at a global conference in Mexico of a thousand broadcasters CBS had sponsored to launch its worldwide programming initiative. His efforts spurred folk revivals in the United States and across Europe. Bandcamp Album of the Day Jun 10, 2020, Cerebral palsy curbed his ability to play guitar the conventional way, so Nagoda learned double slide, this is his debut LP. Lomax wished to marry Collins but when the recording trip was over, she returned to England and married Austin John Marshall. . Also in 1990, Blues in the Mississippi Night was reissued on Rykodisc, and Sounds of the South, a four-CD set of Lomax's 1959 stereo recordings of Southern musical . In 2001, in the wake of the attacks in New York and Washington of September 11, UNESCO's Universal Declaration of Cultural Diversity declared the safeguarding of languages and intangible culture on a par with protection of individual human rights and as essential for human survival as biodiversity is for nature,[55] ideas remarkably similar to those forcefully articulated by Alan Lomax many years before. The Association for Cultural Equity, a nonprofit organization founded by Lomax in the 1980s, has posted some 17,000 recordings. This earlier collection which includes the famous Jelly Roll Morton, Woody Guthrie, Lead Belly, and Muddy Waters sessions, as well as Lomax's prodigious collections made in Haiti and Eastern Kentucky (1937) is the provenance of the American Folklife Center"[65] at the Library of Congress..mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}. Lomax spent the last 20 years of his life working on an interactive multimedia educational computer project he called the Global Jukebox, which included 5,000 hours of sound recordings, 400,000 feet of film, 3,000 videotapes, and 5,000 photographs. Recordings by Alan Lomax. The united Lomax collection includes 5,000 hours of recordings, 400,000 feet of motion picture film, thousands of videotapes, books, journals and hundreds of photos and negatives. The article mentioned Alan Lomax as one of the sponsors of the dinner, along with C. B. Baldwin, campaign manager for Henry A. Wallace in 1948; music critic Olin Downes of The New York Times; and W. E. B. Scholar and jazz pianist Ted Gioia uncovered and published extracts from Alan Lomax's 800-page FBI files. Alan's field recordings and his collaborations with like-minded scholars in England, Scotland, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and . The report appears to have been based on mistaken identity. ITMA is delighted to announce the publication of 2 CDs featuring field recordings of Irish traditional song, music and stories made by Alan Lomax in Ireland in 1951, with Robin Roberts and Samus Ennis. The Alan Lomax Collection joins the material Alan Lomax collected during the 1930s and early 1940s for the Library's Archive of American Folk-Song, and its acquisition brings the entire seventy years of Alan Lomax's work together under one roof at the Library of Congress, where it has found a permanent home. NOW TAKE MY MONEY, by Bessie Jones and the Georgia Sea Island Singers. Compare Gell-Mann: Just as it is crazy to squander in a few decades much of the rich biological diversity that has evolved over billions of years, so is it equally crazy to permit the disappearance of much of human cultural diversity, which has evolved in a somewhat analogous way over many tens of thousands of years The erosion of local cultural patterns around the world is not, however, entirely or even principally the result of contact with the universalizing effect of scientific enlightenment.